Sudipta Academy

What is Zener diode ? what do you know about Zener Diode and its Working function ?

0 anode, cathod, diode, knee current, load regulation, output voltage, principle of working, voltage regulator, zener, zener diode September 27, 2018

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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">                            <u>Zener Diode</u></i></h2>
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<i>                         A properly doped crystals diode which has a sharp breakdown
voltage is known as Zener diode.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i>The circuit symbol and characteristics curve of a zener
Diode is shown below,</i><o:p></o:p></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNI5WLwKQX13MmJDHWMhVSBMWk0UmJiU0JCm6_n3dj4Z9-hQAXuNO3OlLo4opclkhN6xAbB7xAFyTlCIB8GZN3pUFx_pXPBJwNh9PhIGsmgm5beeC-a5SIEGCOdFtDwLhvQII0FCZRQOWs/s1600/Zener-Diode-and-Its-Symbol.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="223" data-original-width="603" height="147" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNI5WLwKQX13MmJDHWMhVSBMWk0UmJiU0JCm6_n3dj4Z9-hQAXuNO3OlLo4opclkhN6xAbB7xAFyTlCIB8GZN3pUFx_pXPBJwNh9PhIGsmgm5beeC-a5SIEGCOdFtDwLhvQII0FCZRQOWs/s400/Zener-Diode-and-Its-Symbol.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Circuit symbol (Image taken from google image)</td></tr>
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                        <i>The forward characteristics of a zener is similar to that of an ordinary diode.The reverse characteristics exhibits a region in which the voltage across the diode is almost independent of diode current. This fact makes </i><br />
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<i>Zener Diode useful as a voltage </i></div>
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<i>regulator </i><i>device.</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigOmZ86va4KiYVUtCEh6cOUH6F7-Z8fvuuM2rofSRgeOZ2qDDFq1SkuycEn9OPrBOltqGNVdq0TfRcw4Bp8u_qxqAE6ob7gPnryGtJ_XWSvyXOkUe12pduzuXuu9tEIMLXHbJeU6W5Wi2Z/s1600/image_130.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="396" data-original-width="608" height="208" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEigOmZ86va4KiYVUtCEh6cOUH6F7-Z8fvuuM2rofSRgeOZ2qDDFq1SkuycEn9OPrBOltqGNVdq0TfRcw4Bp8u_qxqAE6ob7gPnryGtJ_XWSvyXOkUe12pduzuXuu9tEIMLXHbJeU6W5Wi2Z/s320/image_130.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Characteristics curve of zener diode (image taken from google image)</td></tr>
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<ul style="text-align: left;">
<li><i>Manufacturers generally specify Zener diodes according to their Zener voltage (Vz) and maximum allowable power dissipation Pz.                                                                                                       If Vz is the voltage of the Zener Diode then maximum rated current,                                                          </i><div class="MsoNormal">
                          Iz<sub>max = (Pz/Vz)                                                                                                                                        <i> <span style="font-size: small;"> If current through Zener exceeds Izm, it will be destroyed.</span></i></sub></div>
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<i><o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<li><sub><i><span style="font-size: small;">Another parameter of interest is knee current which correspond to the knee of reverse characteristics curve. Below the knee current </span></i></sub> Iz<sub>min <span style="font-size: small;">, <i>Zener fail to regulate output voltage.</i></span></sub></li>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<i>         Zener Diode as a Voltage Regulator</i></h3>
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<i>                            In a voltage regulated power supply, the output voltage is constant and its independent of variation of input supply voltage and load current. The circuit diagram of a Zener diode voltage regulator is shown below.</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0vNmcCSRUdSk993vKLPHB5BQwz0irHvkeu0jFOsWPgrLPRyqxDSvOaTNDDaJwbYNv963i-7PJ03Ta-bKZj_4MAQPPVQ-BcRnLh5qlm9EtXFiCrZ2dh97Ei33Nrh8ccOp6RxrbUvsdxPL/s1600/IMG_20180927_120806_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="973" data-original-width="1600" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhG0vNmcCSRUdSk993vKLPHB5BQwz0irHvkeu0jFOsWPgrLPRyqxDSvOaTNDDaJwbYNv963i-7PJ03Ta-bKZj_4MAQPPVQ-BcRnLh5qlm9EtXFiCrZ2dh97Ei33Nrh8ccOp6RxrbUvsdxPL/s400/IMG_20180927_120806_HDR.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Principle of Working</i></h4>
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<i>In the breakdown region, the output across the zener diode is almost independent of current through it. Hence zener diode maintain a constant output voltage </i>V<sub>0 </sub>≈ V<sub>z <span style="font-size: small;">, <i>independent of variation of load current (Load regulation) or variation of input voltage   </i></span></sub><i>V<sub>i   (<span style="font-size: small;">Line Regulation</span>) <span style="font-size: small;">as along as the diode is at break down region.</span></sub></i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD85O3f96Ey98eRVevvuI-6g6CAPw1cAYhEJ-eZlLnG6pJBjVi5fvCjVZiqyMv-UpeKUWkc1agJiMf3PY2yiwQI8WTQlbHGxpmVvbtq3X53bqVAOwxO7hYtiGVrDuFUDxHk8AnIjqQuZsm/s1600/IMG_20180927_120923_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="337" data-original-width="1600" height="132" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiD85O3f96Ey98eRVevvuI-6g6CAPw1cAYhEJ-eZlLnG6pJBjVi5fvCjVZiqyMv-UpeKUWkc1agJiMf3PY2yiwQI8WTQlbHGxpmVvbtq3X53bqVAOwxO7hYtiGVrDuFUDxHk8AnIjqQuZsm/s640/IMG_20180927_120923_HDR.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<i><sub><span style="font-size: small;">Variation of Output Voltage with Load current</span></sub></i></h4>
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<i><sub><span style="font-size: small;">                        To discuss this we take Vi remains constant and </span></sub></i>I<sub>L</sub><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><i> to vary, Since </i></span></sub>V<sub>0 </sub>≈ V<sub>z <span style="font-size: small;">, across Zener is fixed; it is independent of </span></sub><i> </i>I<sub>L</sub></div>
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<sub> <span style="font-size: small;"><i> . </i></span></sub><br />
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<span style="font-size: small;"><i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCM51ab86_FoIv-3wkpS_dWKgRy1nSpfGPFjBRJOOLoKzKWjQ_M9vaK2N5LEpk6N6pO9KKHI-B3ka91CAAaNBykKSeicooP7lGtrvwwrtBxZlCvOsUsWDwawFbngBMefd3KCAacIpNcxFO/s1600/IMG_20180927_120904_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="1600" height="134" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCM51ab86_FoIv-3wkpS_dWKgRy1nSpfGPFjBRJOOLoKzKWjQ_M9vaK2N5LEpk6N6pO9KKHI-B3ka91CAAaNBykKSeicooP7lGtrvwwrtBxZlCvOsUsWDwawFbngBMefd3KCAacIpNcxFO/s640/IMG_20180927_120904_HDR.jpg" width="640" /></a></i></span></div>
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<sub><span style="font-size: small;"><i>                         Thus if load current (</i></span></sub>I<sub>L) <span style="font-size: small;"><i>increases, when the supply voltage is fixed, the Zener current </i></span></sub><i><sub><span style="font-size: small;"> </span></sub></i> Iz <i>decreases by the same amount ; but V<sub>0 </sub>≈ V<sub>z   <span style="font-size: small;">remain constant.</span></sub></i></div>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<i><sub><span style="font-size: small;">Variation of Output Voltage with Input Voltage</span></sub></i></h4>
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<i><sub><span style="font-size: small;">                             We take now </span></sub></i><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><i> </i></span></sub>I<sub>L <span style="font-size: small;"><i>,</i></span></sub>R<sub>L <span style="font-size: small;"><i>remains constant and </i></span></sub><i>V<sub>i   <span style="font-size: small;">varying. Since </span></sub></i>V<sub>0 <span style="font-size: small;"><i> tends to remain constant at Vz, </i></span></sub><i> </i>I<sub>L <span style="font-size: small;"><i>remains constant.</i></span></sub></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFjdDovkS0r6VYPKOCYXc0hwb1OFThSGHi9D5adFX2sK_RJBlWVhZlLl5-4i_xsV8gr5KLMC9b3_pDvrmoLfgCUGPZm0IuW7f2a6yJ4Nw4MglQmqVsCR6cH0FpMwJ5cKHTlri67WJL8wRN/s1600/IMG_20180927_120938_HDR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="929" data-original-width="1600" height="232" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgFjdDovkS0r6VYPKOCYXc0hwb1OFThSGHi9D5adFX2sK_RJBlWVhZlLl5-4i_xsV8gr5KLMC9b3_pDvrmoLfgCUGPZm0IuW7f2a6yJ4Nw4MglQmqVsCR6cH0FpMwJ5cKHTlri67WJL8wRN/s400/IMG_20180927_120938_HDR.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
<sub><span style="font-size: small;"><i>i.e. In this case Zener current and total current change such ways as to maintain </i></span></sub><i> </i>I<sub>L <span style="font-size: small;"><i>constant and hence to constant i.e. </i></span></sub>V<sub>0 <span style="font-size: small;">=</span></sub>I<sub>L</sub>R<sub>L <span style="font-size: small;">. <i>to be constant.</i></span></sub></div>
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<i><sub><span style="font-size: small;"><br /></span></sub></i></h4>
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What is Zener diode ? what do you know about Zener Diode and its Working function ?

Zener Diode A properly doped crystals diode which has a sharp breakdown voltage is...

What is Modulation and Demodulation of a Audio signal ? What is carrier wave of a Audio signal ?

0 antenna, audio, carrier, demodulation, frequency, high, modulation, signal September 26, 2018

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<i>                       <span style="color: red;">  </span><span style="color: #741b47;"><u> </u><u>Modulation & Demodulation</u></span></i></h2>
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<i><span style="color: #741b47;"><u><br /></u></span></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJLe3JK7-0v_FgRKbKkugEF4Q87dJRDUZt-NECPBkDug_D8twNctS58VgtHKk639RCeVVO4cq9jUABCAW-QNWJPynjBlbjhvHGzo74GsIyBXZJuWBg5Q6moesg_-tPVNQUKn1VWiU0dOPc/s1600/Image-8.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="900" data-original-width="1600" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJLe3JK7-0v_FgRKbKkugEF4Q87dJRDUZt-NECPBkDug_D8twNctS58VgtHKk639RCeVVO4cq9jUABCAW-QNWJPynjBlbjhvHGzo74GsIyBXZJuWBg5Q6moesg_-tPVNQUKn1VWiU0dOPc/s320/Image-8.png" width="320" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Modulation and Demodulation  (image searched from google image)</td></tr>
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<i>                      In radio or wireless communication systems audio signal is first converted into corresponding electrical signal with the help of a microphone. This electrical signal has frequency in the audible range (20 Hz to 20 kHz) and can not be directly and efficiently radiated into space in the form of EM radio wave by using a transmitting antenna. For direct radiation of audio frequency electrical signals through antenna, We require an antenna of impractical size.</i></div>
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           [ Let a signal of 1 kHz. Then the wavelength,</div>
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                    To overcome this problem, the audio frequency signal is used to modulate some characteristics (usually amplitude or frequency) of a high frequency wave called Carrier wave. This high frequency carrier wave can now be efficiently radiated into space by using smaller antenna of convenient sizes. At the receiving end the original signal is recovered from the modulated carrier wave by a process known as Demodulation.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #741b47;">The need for Modulation Arises out of the Following</span></h3>
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1. Direct transmission is limited to any small distances.</div>
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2. Direct transmission requires antenna of sub-normal size.</div>
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3. In direct transmission there is the possibility of signals from different stations getting mixed and lost.</div>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #741b47;">Modulation</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The process of producing a wave in which some characteristics of high frequency carrier wave varies in accordance with the instantaneous value of a low frequency information signal is known as Modulation.</blockquote>
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #741b47;">Carrier Wave</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The high frequency wave on which the modulating wave is superimposed is called Carrier wave.</blockquote>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #741b47;">Demodulation</span></h3>
<blockquote class="tr_bq">
The process of recovering the original modulating signal from the modulated carrier wave is known as Demodulation or Detector.</blockquote>
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What is Modulation and Demodulation of a Audio signal ? What is carrier wave of a Audio signal ?

Modulation & Demodulation Modulation and Demodulation (image searched from google image) ...

What is the Application of Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) ? | Inverting Amplifier

0 amplifier, application of operational amplifier, closed loop, inverting, non-inverting, opamp, Phase shifter, Scale changer, voltage gain September 25, 2018

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<i><u>Application of Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP)</u></i></h2>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Inverting Amplifier</i></h3>
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<i>1. Voltage Gain (Closed Loop)</i></div>
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<i>2. Scale Changer</i></div>
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3. Phase Shifter<br />
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<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Non-Inverting Amplifier</i></h3>
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What is the Application of Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) ? | Inverting Amplifier

Application of Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) Inverting Amplifier 1. Voltage Gain (Closed Loop) 2. Scale Changer 3. Phase Sh...

What is Virtual Ground of an Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) ?

0 Operational amplifier(OP-AMP), Virtual Ground September 25, 2018

What is Virtual Ground of an Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) ?

Virtual Ground of an Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP)

What is Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) ?

0 amplifier, cmrr, common mode rejection ratio, electronics, inverting, non-inverting, op-amp, signals September 25, 2018

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<i><span style="font-weight: normal;">              </span><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)</u></i></h2>
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<span style="font-weight: normal;"><i>     </i></span></div>
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What is Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) ?

Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)

What is Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) ?

0 electronics, Operational amplifier(OP-AMP) September 24, 2018

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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">                         </span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></i></div>
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<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;">                           </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><b>OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIER</b></span></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic-IQtShV6i-H7dbvcA6eBTWtzIe4AUeO9XGJmZh32ZkLwnrvVn0fQpZFlXOsTCKCG6_h2jN4rmrExTuuYHCJTUadIkJQ6k_EUA6G0aGWw2SBSss1GV7fMN-dTHEqgmnxmlvtcQBp-W1Bb/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic-IQtShV6i-H7dbvcA6eBTWtzIe4AUeO9XGJmZh32ZkLwnrvVn0fQpZFlXOsTCKCG6_h2jN4rmrExTuuYHCJTUadIkJQ6k_EUA6G0aGWw2SBSss1GV7fMN-dTHEqgmnxmlvtcQBp-W1Bb/s1600/1.png" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Schematic symbol for OP-AMP</td></tr>
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<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Operational amplifiers are some of the most basic
active components in analogue systems. For instance, by connecting two external
resistors, we can adjust the voltage gain and bandwidth of an OP-AMP to our
exact requirements. Furthermore, with other external components, we can build
waveform converters, oscillator, active filter and other interesting circuit.</span></i></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Characteristics of an ideal Operational amplifier(OP-AMP)</b></span></span></u></i></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></i></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>      1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      </span></i><i>Open
loop voltage gain is infinite.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i>      2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>Input
impedance is infinite.                                     <o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>      3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>Output
impedance is zero.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>      4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>Bandwidth
is infinite.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>      5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>Perfect
balance i.e output is zero when two input voltages are equal.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>      6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>Characteristics
dos not drift with temperature.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
</div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh886eUd-UHYvqIWuDsT74lDDXFA91eDunAirpSsikCuOKmVSPNj5iXuvV_xL2gyq8-473vuO6m78KrmE356DuCzrA3DbJS7M880XT9rLbXXZkjH9P4HHRUUiCFXJcYotyfGujy96JOT0np/s1600/2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="455" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh886eUd-UHYvqIWuDsT74lDDXFA91eDunAirpSsikCuOKmVSPNj5iXuvV_xL2gyq8-473vuO6m78KrmE356DuCzrA3DbJS7M880XT9rLbXXZkjH9P4HHRUUiCFXJcYotyfGujy96JOT0np/s200/2.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Equivalent circuit of OP-AMP</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i></i><br />
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<i><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">      7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">Common
mode Rejection Ratio is finite.</i></i></div>
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<i>      8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>Slew
rate is finite.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">However,
a practical OP-AMP deviates from these </span></i><br />
<i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ideal Characteristics                                                                                                    <span style="color: #b45f06;">  </span></span></i><i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>In practical OP-AMP</b></span></span></u></i></div>
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<i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i>      1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>d.c or
low frequency voltage gain is finite but very high.                        <o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i>      2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>The
voltage gain varies from 10<sup>3</sup> to 10<sup>6</sup>.                                                                                           <o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<i>      3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>The
bandwidth is also finite.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi56xVb0EXZ99s9Yp33kqOAV84IyznrkRJiN9y1LY_nPLy6tFLnXvozqSnsoMFFY7Yz5g1y25RzrCaEppdr01WO0C8_s3LT2Wd_CjoeuJz1HZOqwSIFggr9FPaFdlwzeRlOyJK2tzWj-70l/s1600/opamp53.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="192" data-original-width="421" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi56xVb0EXZ99s9Yp33kqOAV84IyznrkRJiN9y1LY_nPLy6tFLnXvozqSnsoMFFY7Yz5g1y25RzrCaEppdr01WO0C8_s3LT2Wd_CjoeuJz1HZOqwSIFggr9FPaFdlwzeRlOyJK2tzWj-70l/s200/opamp53.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr>
<tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pin diagram of an 741 OP-AMP </td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<i>      4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>The
gain also is constant upto a few hundred kilo Hz and then       decreases
monotonically with increase in frequency.<o:p></o:p></i></div>
<div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<i>      5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;">      
</span></i><i>Input
impedance lies in the range of 150 kilo-ohms to</i><br />
<i>          a few hundred mega-ohms.</i><br />
<div style="text-align: left;">
<i style="text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;">      6.   </span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><i style="text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">Output
impedance of OP-AMP varies between 0.75 to 100 ohms.</i></div>
</div>
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</div>
</div>

What is Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) ?

OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Schematic symbol for OP-AMP Operational amplif...