What is Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) ? 0 amplifier, cmrr, common mode rejection ratio, electronics, inverting, non-inverting, op-amp, signals September 25, 2018 <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <h2 style="text-align: left;"> <i><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span><u><span style="font-weight: normal;"> </span>Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR)</u></i></h2> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> <a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8apPANJY4rU7RGnaDzH-vcse4so6hR-xpC92U01c9eDtMzD72-9boa9HqLEspoNgxar_EbJ-w71e8fJcxboqScvee0zs2uAKKzVT6eRkE843mP4Zf2v3_Vuo3oPgeqdjQq8mdZJ-2NtgW/s1600/IMG_20180925_214508.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1338" data-original-width="1600" height="532" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg8apPANJY4rU7RGnaDzH-vcse4so6hR-xpC92U01c9eDtMzD72-9boa9HqLEspoNgxar_EbJ-w71e8fJcxboqScvee0zs2uAKKzVT6eRkE843mP4Zf2v3_Vuo3oPgeqdjQq8mdZJ-2NtgW/s640/IMG_20180925_214508.jpg" width="640" /></a></div> <div> <i><u><br /></u></i></div> <div> <span style="font-weight: normal;"><i> </i></span></div> </div> What is Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) ? Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) Read more »
What is Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) ? 0 electronics, Operational amplifier(OP-AMP) September 24, 2018 <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"> <br /> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span></span></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="line-height: 107%;"><span style="font-size: large;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: #b45f06; font-size: large;"><b>OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER</b></span></i></div> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic-IQtShV6i-H7dbvcA6eBTWtzIe4AUeO9XGJmZh32ZkLwnrvVn0fQpZFlXOsTCKCG6_h2jN4rmrExTuuYHCJTUadIkJQ6k_EUA6G0aGWw2SBSss1GV7fMN-dTHEqgmnxmlvtcQBp-W1Bb/s1600/1.png" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="269" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEic-IQtShV6i-H7dbvcA6eBTWtzIe4AUeO9XGJmZh32ZkLwnrvVn0fQpZFlXOsTCKCG6_h2jN4rmrExTuuYHCJTUadIkJQ6k_EUA6G0aGWw2SBSss1GV7fMN-dTHEqgmnxmlvtcQBp-W1Bb/s1600/1.png" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Schematic symbol for OP-AMP</td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: red;"><br /></span></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <div style="text-align: left;"> <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">Operational amplifiers are some of the most basic active components in analogue systems. For instance, by connecting two external resistors, we can adjust the voltage gain and bandwidth of an OP-AMP to our exact requirements. Furthermore, with other external components, we can build waveform converters, oscillator, active filter and other interesting circuit.</span></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><br /></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>Characteristics of an ideal Operational amplifier(OP-AMP)</b></span></span></u></i></div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></i></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Open loop voltage gain is infinite.<o:p></o:p></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Input impedance is infinite. <o:p></o:p></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Output impedance is zero.<o:p></o:p></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Bandwidth is infinite.<o:p></o:p></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Perfect balance i.e output is zero when two input voltages are equal.<o:p></o:p></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 6.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Characteristics dos not drift with temperature.<o:p></o:p></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh886eUd-UHYvqIWuDsT74lDDXFA91eDunAirpSsikCuOKmVSPNj5iXuvV_xL2gyq8-473vuO6m78KrmE356DuCzrA3DbJS7M880XT9rLbXXZkjH9P4HHRUUiCFXJcYotyfGujy96JOT0np/s1600/2.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: justify;"><img border="0" data-original-height="254" data-original-width="455" height="111" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh886eUd-UHYvqIWuDsT74lDDXFA91eDunAirpSsikCuOKmVSPNj5iXuvV_xL2gyq8-473vuO6m78KrmE356DuCzrA3DbJS7M880XT9rLbXXZkjH9P4HHRUUiCFXJcYotyfGujy96JOT0np/s200/2.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Equivalent circuit of OP-AMP</td></tr> </tbody></table> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i></i><br /> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i><i style="text-indent: -18pt;"> 7.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><i style="text-indent: -18pt;">Common mode Rejection Ratio is finite.</i></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 8.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Slew rate is finite.<o:p></o:p></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <div style="text-align: justify;"> <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">However, a practical OP-AMP deviates from these </span></i><br /> <i><span style="font-family: "calibri" , sans-serif; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 107%;">ideal Characteristics <span style="color: #b45f06;"> </span></span></i><i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="color: #b45f06;"><b>In practical OP-AMP</b></span></span></u></i></div> </div> <div class="MsoNormal"> <i><u><span style="font-size: 14.0pt; line-height: 107%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><br /></span></u></i></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 1.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>d.c or low frequency voltage gain is finite but very high. <o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 2.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>The voltage gain varies from 10<sup>3</sup> to 10<sup>6</sup>. <o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 3.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>The bandwidth is also finite.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody> <tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi56xVb0EXZ99s9Yp33kqOAV84IyznrkRJiN9y1LY_nPLy6tFLnXvozqSnsoMFFY7Yz5g1y25RzrCaEppdr01WO0C8_s3LT2Wd_CjoeuJz1HZOqwSIFggr9FPaFdlwzeRlOyJK2tzWj-70l/s1600/opamp53.gif" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="192" data-original-width="421" height="90" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi56xVb0EXZ99s9Yp33kqOAV84IyznrkRJiN9y1LY_nPLy6tFLnXvozqSnsoMFFY7Yz5g1y25RzrCaEppdr01WO0C8_s3LT2Wd_CjoeuJz1HZOqwSIFggr9FPaFdlwzeRlOyJK2tzWj-70l/s200/opamp53.gif" width="200" /></a></td></tr> <tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Pin diagram of an 741 OP-AMP </td></tr> </tbody></table> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 4.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>The gain also is constant upto a few hundred kilo Hz and then decreases monotonically with increase in frequency.<o:p></o:p></i></div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--><i> 5.<span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><!--[endif]--><i>Input impedance lies in the range of 150 kilo-ohms to</i><br /> <i> a few hundred mega-ohms.</i><br /> <div style="text-align: left;"> <i style="text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-stretch: normal; line-height: normal;"> 6. </span><span style="font-size: 7pt; font-stretch: normal; font-style: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-numeric: normal; line-height: normal;"> </span></i><i style="text-align: center; text-indent: -18pt;">Output impedance of OP-AMP varies between 0.75 to 100 ohms.</i></div> </div> <div class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 117.75pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"> <!--[if !supportLists]--></div> </div> What is Operational Amplifier (OP-AMP) ? OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER Schematic symbol for OP-AMP Operational amplif... Read more »
