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Basics of C programming how to create our first program in C language (dev C) (hallow word) ?

0 c language, c programming, computer programming, first programe, hallow word October 22, 2018

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<u><i>Today we create our first program in C language (dev C)</i></u></h3>
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<i>                      At first we learn our first coding in C language "Showing Hallow word"</i></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
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<i><a href="https://cpogram.blogspot.com/2018/10/how-to-create-our-first-program-in-c.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: magenta;">For more click here</span></a></i></div>
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<i>// Hallow word //</i></div>
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<i><br /></i></div>
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<i>#include<stdio.h></i></div>
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<i>#include<conio.h></i></div>
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<i>#include<math.h></i></div>
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main()</div>
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{</div>
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<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>printf("\n hallow guys");</div>
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<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span></div>
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<span style="white-space: pre;"> </span>getch();</div>
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}</div>
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   Type this code in dev C for Hallow word as :<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN0vMeJ_20fg9g7eAsHLh3i_jg_ckhwHiczxdyAkPI0Z8De5gqvrY9IqymLcPV0C4z7R8A1dxqovp90_oBxpQtx0G6t5WlCj1QZuVh2AWjr6CN76gjT-uyyRqnDPqOXxVnfEEvgL1U0AL5/s1600/3.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="666" data-original-width="1425" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhN0vMeJ_20fg9g7eAsHLh3i_jg_ckhwHiczxdyAkPI0Z8De5gqvrY9IqymLcPV0C4z7R8A1dxqovp90_oBxpQtx0G6t5WlCj1QZuVh2AWjr6CN76gjT-uyyRqnDPqOXxVnfEEvgL1U0AL5/s1600/3.png" /></a></div>
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Now compile and run.........and you will get output as :<br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQQlHTxyKs9Fbiuk4xK5JUjFH6KJDaJhsrtQspZXQW62NzV3HRtbh-VafTx31Sgk3QXZRgC8xYSuDe4nMhHsuWZgNw_EzqjrXzFPrWENgo7n0GIaARGyuUvxdwG_sscjbsnenwGxgqSUoE/s1600/4.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="381" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjQQlHTxyKs9Fbiuk4xK5JUjFH6KJDaJhsrtQspZXQW62NzV3HRtbh-VafTx31Sgk3QXZRgC8xYSuDe4nMhHsuWZgNw_EzqjrXzFPrWENgo7n0GIaARGyuUvxdwG_sscjbsnenwGxgqSUoE/s1600/4.png" /></a></div>
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Basics of C programming how to create our first program in C language (dev C) (hallow word) ?

Today we create our first program in C language (dev C) At first we learn our first coding in C language "Sho...

Basics of C programming History of C programming

0 ANSI, c language, history of c programming, ISO October 22, 2018

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<i>                         <u> History of C programming</u></i></h2>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLf5lWv7DYjJWS74HOt0LpnJek4gFDTVFN_epn-2XwFJXiJy_pfBowamQUfLxgLYpGMgiWiXiV5vXlhU4mu6x97fw1E4ukzMQnjjdRxrMGBW04Wbd144cKVjYA-Fs3yy1wD9mudE5K2Q2T/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiLf5lWv7DYjJWS74HOt0LpnJek4gFDTVFN_epn-2XwFJXiJy_pfBowamQUfLxgLYpGMgiWiXiV5vXlhU4mu6x97fw1E4ukzMQnjjdRxrMGBW04Wbd144cKVjYA-Fs3yy1wD9mudE5K2Q2T/s1600/2.png" /></a></div>
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<i>Brain  Kernighan , Dennis Ritchie</i></h4>
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<i>              C was invented primarily by </i><i>Brain  Kernighan , Dennis Ritchie working at AT&T Bell Labs in the United States. So the story goes, they used to play an "asteroids" game on the company mainframe computer. Unfortunately the performance of the machine left a lot to be desired. With the power of a 386 and around 100 users, they found they did not have sufficient control over the "spaceship". The were usually destroyed quickly by passing asteroids.</i></div>
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<i>              Taking this rather personally, the decided to re-implement the game on a DEC PDP-7 which was sitting idle in the office. The language that was chosen was to be a variant of another language in use at the time ,called B. B is a word oriented language ideally suited to the PDP-7, but its facilities were not powerful enough to take advantage of the PDP-11 instruction set. Thus a new language C was invented.</i></div>
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<i>Standardization</i></h4>
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<i>C turned out very popular and by the early 1980's hundreds of implementation  were being used by rapidly growing community of programmers. It was time to standardize the language.</i></div>
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<i>ANSI</i></h4>
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<i>In America, the responsibility for standardizing languages is that of the American National Standards Institute , or ANSI.The language is now defined by ANSI Standard X3.159-1989.</i></div>
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<i> ISO</i></h4>
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<i>In the  International Arena, The International Standards Organization or ISO, is responsible for Standardizing computer languages.The ISO standard is thus the final authority on what constitutes the C programming language.</i></div>
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Basics of C programming History of C programming

History of C programming Brain Kernighan , Dennis Ritchie C was invented primarily by ...

Basics of C programming Why you would want to learn C Programming Language ?

0 c program, computer language, how to learn, programming October 22, 2018

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<i><u>  Why you would want to learn C Programming Language ?</u></i></h2>
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<i>            Before beginning the question "Why you would want to learn c programming ", Lets discuss about why we have to learn programming and also ,what is computer programming Language ?</i></div>
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<i>So Lets Started:</i></div>
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<i>     Programming Language</i></h4>
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<i>            A computer language is a language that can be understood by the computer.It is the computer's native language. Each and every problem to be solved by the computer needs to be broken down into discrete logical steps before the computer can execute it. The process of writing such instruction in a computer or programming language is called programming or coding. </i><br />
<i><a href="https://cpogram.blogspot.com/2018/10/why-you-want-to-learn-c-programming.html" style="background-color: white;" target="_blank"><span style="color: magenta;">For more click here</span></a></i></div>
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<i>            So, we want to calculate or solve any task by the help of a computer the we have to know proper computer programming .But everyone thing that what language we have top learn. For answering this question , many coding language available i our world , but at the begging stage , if you learn C language then other language becomes easy to learn. For more click here</i></div>
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            The C programming language is a popular and widely used programming language <i></i><br />
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<i>for creating computer programs. Programmers embrace C because it </i></div>
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<i>gives maximum control and efficiency to the programmer.</i></div>
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             If you are a programmer, or if you are interested in becoming a programmer, there <i></i><br />
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<i>are a couple of benefits you gain from learning C:</i><br />
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<tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlsdu2HGgVBZ5Cl3g07M1D3dJYXtBFdEMDgTCsUwh4VvHHgatWqjy_HQxbfuz02zIfI_DutVD0CX-3jxFg9Z69hOnGlYPtXDX2zQWdtg-3wXRS0rmCOKlV7jjIZ6UbE921mhyUc1MW1d2V/s1600/2.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="320" data-original-width="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlsdu2HGgVBZ5Cl3g07M1D3dJYXtBFdEMDgTCsUwh4VvHHgatWqjy_HQxbfuz02zIfI_DutVD0CX-3jxFg9Z69hOnGlYPtXDX2zQWdtg-3wXRS0rmCOKlV7jjIZ6UbE921mhyUc1MW1d2V/s1600/2.png" /></a></td></tr>
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• You will be able to read and write code for a large number of platforms – <i></i></div>
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<i>everything from micro-controllers to the most advanced scientific systems </i></div>
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<i>can be written in C.</i></div>
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• Because of the performance and portability of C, almost all popular cross-platform <i></i></div>
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<i>programming languages and scripting languages, such as C++, </i></div>
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<i>Java, Python, Objective-C, Perl, Ruby, PHP, Lua, and Bash, are implemented </i></div>
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<i>in C and borrowed syntaxes and functions heavily from C. They </i></div>
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<i>share the similar operators, expressions, repetition statements, control structures, </i></div>
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<i>arrays, input and output, and functions. Furthermore, almost all languages </i></div>
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can interface with C and C++ to take advantage of a large volume of </div>
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existing C/C++ libraries.</div>
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<i>                   C is a computer programming language. That means that you can use C to create <i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i>lists of instructions for a computer to follow. C is one of thousands of programming </i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i>languages currently in use. C has been around for several decades and has </i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i>won widespread acceptance because it gives programmers maximum control and </i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i>efficiency. C is an easy language to learn. It is a bit more cryptic in its style than </i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i><i>some other languages, but you get beyond that fairly quickly. </i></i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i>                C is what is called a compiled language. This means that once you write your C </i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i>program, you must run it through a C compiler to turn your program into an executable </i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i>that the computer can run (execute). The C program is the human-readable </i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i>form, while the executable that comes out of the compiler is the machine-readable </i></i></i></div>
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<i><i><i>and executable form. What this means is that to write and run a C program, you</i></i></i></div>
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<i>must have access to a C compiler.</i></div>
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<i>                                 **** information collected from internet and some books</i></div>
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Basics of C programming Why you would want to learn C Programming Language ?

Why you would want to learn C Programming Language ? image taken from google image Before beginning the question ...

Learn about Microsoft Visual Basic 2010 Writing Your First Program Step by Step

0 .NET, .NET Framework, computer, language, lucky seven, microsoft, programming, user interface, vidual basic 2010 September 28, 2018

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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<i><br /></i></h2>
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Writing Your First Program</i></h2>
<i>After completing this chapter, you will be able to:</i><br />
<br />
<ol style="text-align: left;">
<li><i> Create the user interface for a new program.</i></li>
<li><i>Set the properties for each object in your user interface.</i></li>
<li><i>Write program code.</i></li>
<li><i>Save and run the program.</i></li>
<li><i> Build an executable file.</i></li>
</ol>
<br />
<i>As you learned “Exploring the Visual Studio Integrated Development</i><br />
<i>Environment,” the Microsoft Visual Studio 2010 Integrated Development Environment (IDE)</i><br />
<i>contains several</i><br />
<i>powerful tools to help you run and manage your programs. Visual Studio</i><br />
<i>also contains everything</i><br />
<i>you need to build your own applications for Windows and the Web</i><br />
<i>from the ground up.</i><br />
<i>In this chapter, you’ll learn how to create a simple but attractive user interface with the</i><br />
<i>controls</i><br />
<i>in the Visual Studio Toolbox. Next you’ll learn how to customize the operation</i><br />
<i>of these controls with property settings. Then you’ll see how to identify just what your</i><br />
<i>program</i><br />
<i>should do by writing program code. Finally, you’ll learn how to save and run your</i><br />
<i>new program</i><br />
<i>(a Las Vegas–style slot machine) and how to compile it as an executable file.</i><br />
<i>Lucky Seven: Your First Visual Basic Program</i><br />
<i>The Windows-based application you’re going to construct is Lucky Seven, a game program</i><br />
<i>that simulates a lucky number slot machine. Lucky Seven has a simple user interface and can</i><br />
<i>be created and compiled in just a few minutes using Microsoft Visual Basic. Here’s what your</i><br />
<i>program will look like when it’s finished:</i><br />
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<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Programming Steps</i></h2>
<i>The Lucky Seven user interface contains two buttons, three lucky number boxes, a digital</i><br />
<i>photo depicting your winnings, and the label “Lucky Seven.” I produced these elements</i><br />
<i>by creating seven objects on the Lucky Seven form and then changing several properties</i><br />
<i>for each object. After I designed the interface, I added program code for the Spin and End</i><br />
<i>buttons</i><br />
<i>to process the user’s button clicks and produce the random numbers. To re-create</i><br />
<i>Lucky Seven, you’ll follow three essential programming steps in Visual Basic: Create the user</i><br />
<i>interface, set the properties, and write the program code. Table 2-1 shows the process</i><br />
<i>for</i><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Lucky Seven.</i></h3>
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Building the Lucky Seven Program</i></h4>
<i>Programming Step Number of Items</i><br />
<i>1. Create the user interface. 7 objects</i><br />
<i>2. Set the properties. 13 properties</i><br />
<i>3. Write the program code. 2 objects</i><br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Creating the User Interface</i></h2>
<i>In this exercise, you’ll start building Lucky Seven by first creating a new project and then</i><br />
<i>using</i><br />
<i>controls in the Toolbox to construct the user interface.</i><br />
<i>Create a new project</i><br />
<i>1. Start Visual Studio 2010.</i><br />
<i>2. On the Visual Studio File menu, click New Project.</i><br />
<i><b>[Tip You can also start a new programming project by clicking the blue New Project link</b></i><br />
<i><b>on the Start Page.]</b></i><br />
<i>The New Project dialog box opens, as shown on the following page.</i><br />
<i>The New Project dialog box provides access to the major project types available for</i><br />
<i>writing Windows and Web applications. If you indicated during setup that you are</i><br />
<i>a Visual Basic programmer, Visual Basic is your primary development option (as shown</i><br />
<i>here), but the other languages in Visual Studio (Visual C#, Visual C++, and Visual F#)</i><br />
<i>are always available through this dialog box. Although you will select a basic Windows</i><br />
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<i>application project in this exercise, this dialog box is also the gateway to other types</i><br />
<i>of development projects, such as a Web application, console application, Microsoft</i><br />
<i>Office add-in, Windows Azure Cloud Service, Silverlight application, or Visual Studio</i><br />
<i>deployment</i><br />
<i>project.</i><br />
<i>Near the top of the New Project dialog box, you will notice a drop-down list box.</i><br />
<i>This feature allows you to specify the version of the Microsoft .NET Framework that</i><br />
<i>your application will target. This feature is sometimes called multi-targeting, meaning</i><br />
<i>that through it, you can select the target environment that your program will run on.</i><br />
<i>For example, if you retain the default selection of .NET Framework 4, any computer that</i><br />
<i>your application will run on must have .NET Framework 4 installed. (Not to worry—the</i><br />
<i>.NET Framework is usually installed as part of the operating system installation, or when</i><br />
<i>you install a new Visual Basic program that you have written.) Unless you have a specific</i><br />
<i>need, you can just leave this drop-down list at its default setting of .NET Framework 4.</i><br />
<i>Visual Basic 2010 Express does not include this drop-down list. You’ll learn more about</i><br />
<i>the .NET Framework in Chapter 5, “Visual Basic Variables and Formulas, and the .NET</i><br />
<i>Framework.”</i><br />
<i>3. Click the Windows Forms Application icon in the central Templates area of the dialog</i><br />
<i>box, if it is not already selected.</i><br />
<i>Visual Studio prepares the development environment for Visual Basic Windows</i><br />
<i>application</i><br />
<i></i><br />
<i>programming.</i><br />
<i>4. In the Name text box, type <b><u>MyLucky7</u></b>.</i><br />
<i>Visual Studio assigns the name MyLucky7 to your project. (You’ll specify a folder</i><br />
<i>location</i><br />
<i>for the project later.) I’m recommending the “My” prefix here so you</i><br />
<i>don’t confuse your new application with the Lucky7 project I’ve created for you</i><br />
<i>on disk.</i><br />
<i><b>[Tip If your New Project dialog box contains Location and Solution Name text boxes,</b></i><br />
<i><b>you need to specify a folder location and solution name for your new programming</b></i><br />
<i><b>project now. The presence of these text boxes is controlled by a check box in the Project</b></i><br />
<i><b>And Solutions category of the Options dialog box, but it is not the default setting. (You</b></i><br />
<i><b>display</b></i><br />
<i><b>this dialog box by clicking the Options command on the Tools menu.) Throughout</b></i><br />
<i><b>this book, you will be instructed to save your projects (or discard them) after you have</b></i><br />
<i><b>completed the programming exercise. For more information about this “delayed saving”</b></i><br />
<i><b>feature and default settings, see the section entitled “Customizing IDE Settings to Match</b></i><br />
<i><b>Step-by-Step Exercises” ]</b></i><br />
<i>5. Click OK to create the new project in Visual Studio.</i><br />
<i>Visual Studio cleans the slate for a new programming project and displays the blank</i><br />
<i>Windows form that you will use to build your user interface.</i><br />
<i>Now you’ll enlarge the form and create the two buttons in the interface.</i><br />
<h4 style="text-align: left;">
<i>Create the user interface</i></h4>
<i>1. Point to the lower-right corner of the form until the mouse pointer changes to</i><br />
<i>a resizing</i><br />
<i>pointer, and then drag to increase the size of the form to make room for</i><br />
<i>the objects in your program.</i><br />
<i>As you resize the form, scroll bars might appear in the Designer to give you access to</i><br />
<i>the entire form you’re creating. Depending on your screen resolution and the Visual</i><br />
<i>Studio tools you have open, you might not be able to see the entire form at once.</i><br />
<i>Don’t worry about this—your form can be small, or it can fill the entire screen because</i><br />
<i>the scroll bars give you access to the entire form.</i><br />
<i>Size your form so that it is about the size of the form shown on the following page. If</i><br />
<i>you want to match my example exactly, you can use the width and height dimensions</i><br />
<i>(485 pixels</i><br />
<i>× 278 pixels) shown in the lower-right corner of the screen.</i><br />
<i>To see the entire form without obstruction, you can resize or close the other</i><br />
<i>programming</i><br />
<i>tools, as you learned in Chapter 1. (Return to Chapter 1 if you have</i><br />
<i>questions</i><br />
<i>about resizing windows or tools.)</i><br />
<i></i><br />
<i>Now you’ll practice adding a button object on the form.</i><br />
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjFbNQoxx3ZaqJD93m8Ap2_gEhHim5-quX7zbn2FDO40muBY0uvim5jxRq5Gvse3YwmME2cnR01Epoms9atrF2e7pXeQ2jdUMHim_jQank84HYiMDtPgSyhYzDdHJfs2yJblszRyUghZ65/s1600/3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="802" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjjFbNQoxx3ZaqJD93m8Ap2_gEhHim5-quX7zbn2FDO40muBY0uvim5jxRq5Gvse3YwmME2cnR01Epoms9atrF2e7pXeQ2jdUMHim_jQank84HYiMDtPgSyhYzDdHJfs2yJblszRyUghZ65/s640/3.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<i>2. Click the Toolbox tab to display the Toolbox window in the IDE.</i><br />
<i>The Toolbox contains all the controls that you’ll use to build Visual Basic programs in</i><br />
<i>this book. The controls suitable for creating a Windows application are visible now</i><br />
<i>because you selected the Windows Application project type earlier. Controls are</i><br />
<i>organized</i><br />
<i>by type, and by default the Common Controls category is visible. (If the</i><br />
<i>Toolbox is not visible now, click Toolbox on the View menu to display it.)</i><br />
<i>3. Double-click the Button control in the Toolbox, and then move the mouse pointer away</i><br />
<i>from the Toolbox.</i><br />
<i>Visual Studio creates a default-sized button object on the form and hides the Toolbox,</i><br />
<i></i><br />
<i>as shown here:</i><br />
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<i>The button is named Button1 because it is the first button in the program. (You should make</i><br />
<i>a mental note of this button name—you’ll see it again when you write your program code.)</i><br />
<i>The new button object is selected and enclosed by resize handles. When Visual Basic is in</i><br />
<i>design</i><br />
<i>mode (that is, whenever the Visual Studio IDE is active), you can move objects on the</i><br />
<i>form by dragging them with the mouse, and you can resize them by using the resize handles.</i><br />
<i>While a program is running, however, the user can’t move user interface (UI) elements unless</i><br />
<i>you’ve changed a property in the program to allow this. You’ll practice moving and resizing</i><br />
<i>the button now.</i><br />
<i><b>Move and resize a button</b></i><br />
<i>1. Point to the button so that the pointer changes to a four-headed arrow, and then drag</i><br />
<i>the button down and to the right.</i><br />
<i>The button moves across the surface of the form. If you move the object near the edge</i><br />
<i>of the form or another object (if other objects are present), it automatically aligns itself</i><br />
<i>to a hidden grid when it is an inch or so away. A little blue “snapline” also appears to</i><br />
<i>help you gauge the distance of this object from the edge of the form or the other</i><br />
<i>object.</i><br />
<i>The grid is not displayed on the form by default, but you can use the snapline</i><br />
<i>to judge distances with almost the same effect.</i><br />
<i>2. Position the mouse pointer on the lower-right corner of the button.</i><br />
<i>When the mouse pointer rests on a resize handle of a selected object, it</i><br />
<i>becomes</i><br />
<i>a resizing</i><br />
<i>pointer. You can use the resizing pointer to change the size</i><br />
<i>of an object.</i><br />
<i>3. Enlarge the button by dragging the pointer down and to the right.</i><br />
<i>When you release the mouse button, the button changes size and snaps to the grid.</i><br />
<i>4. Use the resizing pointer to return the button to its original size.</i><br />
<i>Now you’ll add a second button to the form, below the first button.</i><br />
<i>Add a second button</i><br />
<i>1. Click the Toolbox tab to display the Toolbox.</i><br />
<i>2. Click the Button control in the Toolbox (single-click this time), and then move the</i><br />
<i>mouse pointer over the form.</i><br />
<i>The mouse pointer changes to crosshairs and a button icon. The crosshairs are</i><br />
<i>designed</i><br />
<i>to help you draw the rectangular shape of the button on the form, and you</i><br />
<i>can use this method as an alternative to double-clicking to create a control of the</i><br />
<i>default</i><br />
<i>size.</i><br />
<i>3. Click and drag the pointer down and to the right. Release the mouse button to</i><br />
<i>complete</i><br />
<i></i><br />
<i>the button, and watch it snap to the form.</i><br />
<i>4. Resize the button object so that it is the same size as the first button, and then move it</i><br />
<i>below the first button on the form. (Use the snapline feature to help you.)</i><br />
<i>Tip At any time, you can delete an object and start over again by selecting the object</i><br />
<i>on the form and then pressing DELETE. Feel free to create and delete objects to practice</i><br />
<i>creating</i><br />
<i>your user interface.</i><br />
<i>Now you’ll add the labels used to display the numbers in the program. A label is a special</i><br />
<i>user interface element designed to display text, numbers, or symbols when a program runs.</i><br />
<i>When the user clicks the Lucky Seven program’s Spin button, three random numbers appear</i><br />
<i>in the label boxes. If one of the numbers is a 7, the user wins.</i><br />
<i>Add the number labels</i><br />
<i>1. Double-click the Label control in the Toolbox.</i><br />
<i>Visual Studio creates a label object on the form. The label object is just large enough</i><br />
<i>to hold the text contained in the object (it is rather small now), but it can be resized.</i><br />
<i>2. Drag the Label1 object to the right of the two button objects.</i><br />
<i></i><br />
<i>Your form looks something like this:</i><br />
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<i><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgP4dZIAnxzhamio7-WGl826cqeHViFLMAx7NXXy8eA5PtJvcQGzLgpymb559TAK79rjqDm8419b7DF6NmEW5IeOnnJXFFf6o3qjDCgDpAUM3xgjD248v0vEFMtRx6vzbs4CtFl0hdbnjR/s1600/5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="480" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjgP4dZIAnxzhamio7-WGl826cqeHViFLMAx7NXXy8eA5PtJvcQGzLgpymb559TAK79rjqDm8419b7DF6NmEW5IeOnnJXFFf6o3qjDCgDpAUM3xgjD248v0vEFMtRx6vzbs4CtFl0hdbnjR/s640/5.jpg" width="640" /></a></i></div>
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<i>3. Double-click the Label control in the Toolbox to create a second label object.</i></div>
<br />
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<i>This label object will be named Label2 in the program.</i></div>
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<i>4. Double-click the Label control again to create a third label object.</i></div>
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<i>5. Move the second and third label objects to the right of the first one on the form.</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Allow plenty of space between the three labels because you will use them to display</i></div>
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<i>large numbers when the program runs.</i></div>
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<i>Now you’ll use the Label control to add a descriptive label to your form. This will be</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>the fourth and final label in the program.</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>6. Double-click the Label control in the Toolbox.</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>7. Drag the Label4 object below the two command buttons.</i></div>
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<i>When you’ve finished, your four labels should look like those in the following</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>screen shot. (You can move your label objects if they don’t look quite right.)</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimDDnsJrpHz_XIkIbvxFAk-EbviuFjDs9zC-Un7nA7gCxcg0lFKwu4idxUPHqGFNTCTdeD7bSysxg9xxfEGOgjrEi7xRTmkUaFAF_Fc-6eQD5zHVNSC003InEg_1Np5GenelPNUA0LheYf/s1600/6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="483" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimDDnsJrpHz_XIkIbvxFAk-EbviuFjDs9zC-Un7nA7gCxcg0lFKwu4idxUPHqGFNTCTdeD7bSysxg9xxfEGOgjrEi7xRTmkUaFAF_Fc-6eQD5zHVNSC003InEg_1Np5GenelPNUA0LheYf/s640/6.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i>Now you’ll add a picture box to the form to graphically display the payout you’ll receive</i></div>
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<i>when you draw a 7 and hit the jackpot. A picture box is designed to display bitmaps, icons,</i></div>
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<i>digital photos, and other artwork in a program. One of the best uses for a picture box is to</i></div>
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<i>display a JPEG image file.</i></div>
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<i>Add a picture</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>1. Click the PictureBox control in the Toolbox.</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>2. Using the control’s drawing pointer, create a large rectangular box below the second</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>and third labels on the form.</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i>Leave a little space below the labels for their size to grow as I mentioned earlier.</i></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<i></i></div>
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<i>When you’ve finished, your picture box object looks similar to this:</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfD7C2BFW2xcHaXlhfRKO69B0xtKiKMJU7L-judP8AzqBIEdsxJr6jsDIj6V8m2m_Zj3Oin8xrteMcgwByFYsq7z5vSMsm-mGZwSZUVSVfAhm8JsZd56OQgFq4AHDhbRsddiwI0D4I4AF8/s1600/7.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="273" data-original-width="480" height="363" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhfD7C2BFW2xcHaXlhfRKO69B0xtKiKMJU7L-judP8AzqBIEdsxJr6jsDIj6V8m2m_Zj3Oin8xrteMcgwByFYsq7z5vSMsm-mGZwSZUVSVfAhm8JsZd56OQgFq4AHDhbRsddiwI0D4I4AF8/s640/7.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i>This object will be named PictureBox1 in your program; you’ll use this name later in</i></div>
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<i>the program code.</i></div>
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<i>Now you’re ready to customize your interface by setting a few properties.</i></div>
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<i><b>Setting the Properties</b></i></div>
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<i>As you discovered in Chapter 1, you can change properties by selecting objects on the form</i></div>
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<i>and changing their settings in the Properties window. You’ll start by changing the property</i></div>
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<i>settings for the two buttons.</i></div>
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<i><b>Set the button properties</b></i></div>
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<i>1. Click the first button (Button1) on the form.</i></div>
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<i>The button is selected and is surrounded by resize handles.</i></div>
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<i>2. Click the Properties window title bar.</i></div>
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<i>Tip If the Properties window isn’t visible, click the Properties Window command on the</i></div>
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<i>View menu, or press F4.</i></div>
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<i>3. At the top of the Properties window, click the Categorized button.</i></div>
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<i>For information about categorized properties, see the section entitled “The Properties</i></div>
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<i>Window” in Chapter 1.</i></div>
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<i>4. Resize the Properties window (if necessary) so that there is plenty of room to see the</i></div>
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<i>property names and their current settings.</i></div>
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<i>Once you get used to setting properties, you will probably use the Properties window</i></div>
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<i>without enlarging it, but making it bigger helps when you first try to use it. The</i></div>
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<i>Properties window in the following screen shot is a good size for setting properties:</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWmulNOLt_o-0KTxt8zAnSjVPSt8fELgSbmFuBgdNZUC3GRy8aeLpZSdgtc_6bPptR0P-dNc64eU7JtlazSlaLDJ9VYFU8_MCfw0dpKcg1kb_wZXJbxkE9hnlCCIqG1cIwzx3xv7Jx95F/s1600/8.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="431" data-original-width="292" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgrWmulNOLt_o-0KTxt8zAnSjVPSt8fELgSbmFuBgdNZUC3GRy8aeLpZSdgtc_6bPptR0P-dNc64eU7JtlazSlaLDJ9VYFU8_MCfw0dpKcg1kb_wZXJbxkE9hnlCCIqG1cIwzx3xv7Jx95F/s640/8.jpg" width="432" /></a></div>
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<i>The Properties window lists the settings for the first button. These include settings</i></div>
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<i>for the background color, text, font height, and width of the button. Because there are</i></div>
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<i>so many properties, Visual Studio organizes them into categories and displays them</i></div>
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<i>in outline view. If you want to see the properties in a category, click the arrow sign (>)</i></div>
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<i>next to the category title.</i></div>
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<i>5. If it is not already visible, scroll in the Properties window until you see the Text property</i></div>
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<i>located in the Appearance category.</i></div>
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<i>6. Double-click the Text property in the first column of the Properties window.</i></div>
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<i>The current Text setting (“Button1”) is highlighted in the Properties window.</i></div>
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<i>7. Type Spin, and then press ENTER.</i></div>
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<i>The Text property changes to “Spin” in the Properties window and on the button</i></div>
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<i>on the form. Now you’ll change the Text property of the second button to “End.”</i></div>
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<i>(You’ll select the second button in a new way this time.)</i></div>
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<i>8. Open the Object list at the top of the Properties window.</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>A list of the interface objects in your program appears as follows:</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf_mZhpgOewyu0aDPKg8jJvZPh_w7MyD1MrensLpa9tO2EnT5de2yVw_RUEufCRkcej6jTMpXubK4fzID2GmTLcDeBe_O3gIItNzb7tFGrOoI4mcrPnZrNLpqeygfTH6t_mWRCm9EGq-Qg/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="428" data-original-width="292" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgf_mZhpgOewyu0aDPKg8jJvZPh_w7MyD1MrensLpa9tO2EnT5de2yVw_RUEufCRkcej6jTMpXubK4fzID2GmTLcDeBe_O3gIItNzb7tFGrOoI4mcrPnZrNLpqeygfTH6t_mWRCm9EGq-Qg/s640/9.jpg" width="435" /></a></div>
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<i>9. Click Button2 System.Windows.Forms.Button (the second button) in the list box.</i></div>
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<i>The property settings for the second button appear in the Properties window, and</i></div>
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<i>Visual Studio highlights Button2 on the form.</i></div>
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<i>10. Double-click the current Text property (“Button2”), type End, and then press ENTER.</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>The text of the second button changes to “End.”</i></div>
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<i>Tip Using the Object list is a handy way to switch between objects in your program.</i></div>
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<i>You can also switch between objects on the form by clicking each object.</i></div>
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<i>Now you’ll set the properties for the labels in the program. The first three labels will hold</i></div>
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<i>the random numbers generated by the program and will have identical property settings.</i></div>
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<i>(You’ll set most of them as a group.) The descriptive label settings will be slightly different.</i></div>
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<i>Set the number label properties</i></div>
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<i>1. Click the first number label (Label1), hold down the SHIFT key, click the second</i></div>
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<i>and third number labels, and then release the SHIFT key. (If the Properties window is</i></div>
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<i>in the way, move it to a new place.)</i></div>
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<i>A selection rectangle and resize handles appear around each label you click. You’ll</i></div>
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<i>change the TextAlign, BorderStyle, and Font properties now so that the numbers that</i></div>
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<i>will appear in the labels will be centered, boxed, and identical in font and font size.</i></div>
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<i>(All these properties are located in the Appearance category of the Properties window.)</i></div>
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<i>You’ll also set the AutoSize property to False so that you can change the size of the</i></div>
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<i>labels</i></div>
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<i>according to your precise specifications. (The AutoSize property is located in the</i></div>
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<i>Layout category.)</i></div>
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<i>Tip When more than one object is selected, only those properties that can be changed</i></div>
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<i>for the group are displayed in the Properties window.</i></div>
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<i>2. Click the AutoSize property in the Properties window, and then click the arrow that</i></div>
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<i>appears</i></div>
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<i>in the second column.</i></div>
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<i>3. Set the AutoSize property to False so that you can size the labels manually.</i></div>
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<i>4. Click the TextAlign property, and then click the arrow that appears in the second</i></div>
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<i>column.</i></div>
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<i>A graphical assortment of alignment options appears in the list box; you can use</i></div>
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<i>these settings to align text anywhere within the borders of the label object.</i></div>
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<i>5. Click the center option (MiddleCenter).</i></div>
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<i>The TextAlign property for each of the selected labels changes to MiddleCenter.</i></div>
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<i>6. Click the BorderStyle property, and then click the arrow that appears in the second</i></div>
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<i>column.</i></div>
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<i>The valid property settings (None, FixedSingle, and Fixed3D) appear in the list box.</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>7. Click FixedSingle in the list box to add a thin border around each label.</i></div>
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<i>8. Click the Font property, and then click the ellipsis button (the button with three dots</i></div>
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<i>that’s located next to the current font setting).</i></div>
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<i>The Font dialog box opens.</i></div>
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<i>9. Change the font to Times New Roman, the font style to Bold, and the font size to 24,</i></div>
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<i>and then click OK.</i></div>
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<i>The label text appears in the font, style, and size you specified.</i></div>
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<i>Now you’ll set the text for the three labels to the number 0—a good “placeholder” for</i></div>
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<i>the numbers that will eventually fill these boxes in your game. (Because the program</i></div>
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<i>produces the actual numbers, you could also delete the text, but putting a placeholder</i></div>
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<i>here gives you something to base the size of the labels on.)</i></div>
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<i>10. Click a blank area on the form to remove the selection from the three labels, and then</i></div>
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<i>click the first label.</i></div>
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<i>11. Double-click the Text property, type 0, and then press ENTER.</i></div>
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<i>The text of the Label1 object is set to 0. You’ll use program code to set this property</i></div>
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<i>to a random “slot machine” number later in this chapter.</i></div>
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<i>12. Change the text in the second and third labels on the form to 0 also.</i></div>
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<i>13. Move and resize the labels now so that they are appropriately spaced.</i></div>
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<i>Your form looks something like this:</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>Now</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lvdgcOREP2XDjWSCSbMG6_woEZN1CbtdybXBACQQBBgvYhP5_Bi_pEDScvLRlamZZL6zXWLmyCVqWLeqMifJoNWEklD6cDQ40vLbXCs72C8JHixODS5yS4G3XR2kx6A6_5JTjt49jR4I/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="483" height="365" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9lvdgcOREP2XDjWSCSbMG6_woEZN1CbtdybXBACQQBBgvYhP5_Bi_pEDScvLRlamZZL6zXWLmyCVqWLeqMifJoNWEklD6cDQ40vLbXCs72C8JHixODS5yS4G3XR2kx6A6_5JTjt49jR4I/s640/9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
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</div>
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<i>Now you’ll change the Text, Font, and ForeColor properties of the fourth label.</i></div>
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<i>Set the descriptive label properties</i></div>
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<i>1. Click the fourth label object (Label4) on the form.</i></div>
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<i>2. Change the Text property in the Properties window to Lucky Seven.</i></div>
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<i>3. Click the Font property, and then click the ellipsis button.</i></div>
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<i>4. Use the Font dialog box to change the font to Arial, the font style to Bold, and the font</i></div>
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<i>size to 18. Then click OK.</i></div>
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<i>The font in the Label4 object is updated, and the label is resized automatically to hold</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>the larger font size because the object’s AutoSize property is set to True.</i></div>
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<i>5. Click the ForeColor property in the Properties window, and then click the arrow in</i></div>
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<i>the second column.</i></div>
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<i>Visual Studio displays a list box with Custom, Web, and System tabs for setting the</i></div>
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<i>foreground colors (the color of text) of the label object. The Custom tab offers many of</i></div>
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<i>the colors available in your system. The Web tab sets colors for Web pages and lets you</i></div>
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<i>pick colors using their common names. The System tab displays the current colors used</i></div>
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<i>for user interface elements in your system.</i></div>
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<i>6. Click the purple color on the Custom tab.</i></div>
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<i>The text in the label box changes to purple.</i></div>
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<i>Now you’re ready to set the properties for the last object.</i></div>
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<i>The Picture Box Properties</i></div>
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<i>When the person playing your game hits the jackpot (that is, when at least one 7 appears in</i></div>
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<i>the number labels on the form), the picture box object will contain a picture in JPEG format</i></div>
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<i>of a person dispensing money. (I am supplying you with this digitized image, but you can</i></div>
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<i>substitute your own if you like.) You need to set the SizeMode property to accurately size the</i></div>
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<i>picture and set the Image property to specify the name of the JPEG file that you will load</i></div>
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<i>into the picture box. You also need to set the Visible property, which specifies the picture</i></div>
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<i>state at the beginning of the program.</i></div>
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<i>Set the picture box properties</i></div>
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<i>1. Click the picture box object on the form.</i></div>
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<i>2. Click the SizeMode property in the Properties window (listed in the Behavior category),</i></div>
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<i>click the arrow in the second column, and then click StretchImage.</i></div>
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<i>Setting SizeMode to StretchImage before you open a graphic causes Visual Studio to</i></div>
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<i>resize the graphic to the exact dimensions of the picture box. (Typically, you set this</i></div>
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<i>property before you set the Image property.)</i></div>
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<i>3. Click the Image property in the Properties window, and then click the ellipsis button</i></div>
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<i>in the second column.</i></div>
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<i>The Select Resource dialog box opens.</i></div>
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<i>4. Click the Local Resource radio button, and then click the Import button.</i></div>
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<i>5. In the Open dialog box, navigate to the C:\Vb10sbs\Chap02 folder.</i></div>
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<i>This folder contains the digital photo PayCoins.jpg.</i></div>
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<i>6. Select PayCoins.jpg, and then click Open.</i></div>
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<i>An screen shot of one person paying another appears in the Select Resource</i></div>
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<i>dialog</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>box. (The letter “W” represents winning.)</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_JD0TzLrz5rlqCFPklIGcyHLO1nQMG-7SnnuBl0xdLjbsgOilLPL7Ly3kmoktEMyHANOYC0V-OPiqjO1u4C3LpLSjB28S1Bf-34Gsxrb88ulDK6jOd9X6J7z-5KqEVZr3NrDljqJveexn/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="388" data-original-width="575" height="427" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj_JD0TzLrz5rlqCFPklIGcyHLO1nQMG-7SnnuBl0xdLjbsgOilLPL7Ly3kmoktEMyHANOYC0V-OPiqjO1u4C3LpLSjB28S1Bf-34Gsxrb88ulDK6jOd9X6J7z-5KqEVZr3NrDljqJveexn/s640/9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i>7. Click OK.</i></div>
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<i>The PayCoins photo is loaded into the picture box. Because the photo is relatively small</i></div>
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<i>(24 KB), it opens quickly on the form.</i></div>
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<i>8. Resize the picture box object now to fix any distortion problems that you see in the</i></div>
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<i>image.</i></div>
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<i>I sized my picture box object to be 144 pixels wide by 146 pixels high. You can match</i></div>
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<i>this size by using the width and height dimensions located on the lower-right side</i></div>
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<i>of the Visual Studio IDE. (The dimensions of the selected object are given on the</i></div>
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<i>lower-</i></div>
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<i>right side, and the location on the form of the object’s upper-left corner is given</i></div>
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<i>to the left of the dimensions.)</i></div>
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<i>This particular image displays best when the picture box object retains a square shape.</i></div>
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<i>Note As you look at the picture box object, you might notice a tiny shortcut arrow called</i></div>
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<i>a smart tag near its upper-right corner. This smart tag is a button that you can click to</i></div>
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<i>quickly change a few common picture box settings and open the Select Resource dialog</i></div>
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<i>box. (You’ll see the smart tag again in Chapter 4, “Working with Menus, Toolbars, and</i></div>
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<i>Dialog Boxes,” when you use the ToolStrip control.)</i></div>
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<i>Now you’ll change the Visible property to False so that the image will be invisible when</i></div>
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<i>the program starts.</i></div>
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<i>9. Click the Visible property in the Behavior category of the Properties window, and then</i></div>
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<i>click the arrow in the second column.</i></div>
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<i>The valid settings for the Visible property appear in a list box.</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>10. Click False to make the picture invisible when the program starts.</i></div>
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<i>Setting the Visible property to False affects the picture box when the program runs, but</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>not now, while you’re designing it. Your completed form looks similar to this:</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMz7DJz8EiXrZMEq20-Ka-R27-WAtL7352XpTTbEyeZTXjb2YnMO-hp_BRLra3zyoaUmEdefJsFgL2G_pphIP_7jJxaRKT37SH8vMGf3qrGfAAAKcbdeRjFbBqgrEreRWLrgJWnePEI08N/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="276" data-original-width="483" height="364" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMz7DJz8EiXrZMEq20-Ka-R27-WAtL7352XpTTbEyeZTXjb2YnMO-hp_BRLra3zyoaUmEdefJsFgL2G_pphIP_7jJxaRKT37SH8vMGf3qrGfAAAKcbdeRjFbBqgrEreRWLrgJWnePEI08N/s640/9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i>Tip You can also double-click property names that have True and False settings (so-called</i></div>
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<i>Boolean properties), to toggle back and forth between True and False. Default Boolean</i></div>
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<i>properties are shown in regular type, and changed settings appear in bold.</i></div>
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<i>11. You are finished setting properties for now, so if your Properties window is floating,</i></div>
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<i>hold down the CTRL key and double-click its title bar to return it to the docked</i></div>
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<i>position.</i></div>
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<i>Reading Properties in Tables</i></div>
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<i>In this chapter, you’ve set the properties for the Lucky Seven program step by step.</i></div>
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<i>In future chapters, the instructions to set properties will be presented in table format</i></div>
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<i>unless a setting is especially tricky. Table 2-2 lists the properties you’ve set so far in the</i></div>
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<i>Lucky Seven program, as they’d look later in the book. Settings you need to type in are</i></div>
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<i>shown in quotation marks. You shouldn’t type the quotation marks.</i></div>
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<i>TABLE 2-2 Lucky Seven Properties</i></div>
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<i>Object Property Setting</i></div>
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<i>Button1 Text “Spin”</i></div>
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<i>Button2 Text “End”</i></div>
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<i>Label1, Label2, Label3 AutoSize</i></div>
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<i>BorderStyle</i></div>
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<i>Font</i></div>
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<i>Text</i></div>
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<i>TextAlign</i></div>
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<i>False</i></div>
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<i>FixedSingle</i></div>
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<i>Times New Roman, Bold, 24-point</i></div>
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<i>“0”</i></div>
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<i>MiddleCenter</i></div>
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<i>Label4 Text</i></div>
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<i>Font</i></div>
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<i>ForeColor</i></div>
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<i>“Lucky Seven”</i></div>
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<i>Arial, Bold, 18-point</i></div>
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<i>Purple</i></div>
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<i>PictureBox1 Image</i></div>
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<i>SizeMode</i></div>
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<i>Visible</i></div>
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<i>“C:\Vb10sbs\Chap02\Paycoins.jpg”</i></div>
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<i>StretchImage</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>False</i></div>
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<i>Writing the Code</i></h2>
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<i>Now you’re ready to write the code for the Lucky Seven program. Because most of the</i></div>
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<i>objects</i></div>
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<i>you’ve created already “know” how to work when the program runs, they’re ready</i></div>
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<i>to receive input from the user and process it. The inherent functionality of objects is one</i></div>
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<i>of the great strengths of Visual Studio and Visual Basic—after objects are placed on a form</i></div>
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<i>and their properties are set, they’re ready to run without any additional programming.</i></div>
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<i>However, the “meat” of the Lucky Seven game—the code that actually calculates random</i></div>
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<i>numbers, displays them in boxes, and detects a jackpot—is still missing from the program.</i></div>
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<i>This computing logic can be built into the application only by using program statements—</i></div>
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<i>code that clearly spells out what the program should do at each step of the way. Because</i></div>
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<i>the Spin and End buttons drive the program, you’ll associate the code for the game with</i></div>
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<i>those buttons. You enter and edit Visual Basic program statements in the Code Editor.</i></div>
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<i>In the following steps, you’ll enter the program code for Lucky Seven in the Code Editor.</i></div>
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<i>Use the Code Editor</i></div>
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<i>1. Double-click the End button on the form.</i></div>
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<i>The Code Editor appears as a tabbed document window in the center of the Visual</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>Studio IDE, as shown here:</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHc6Aceg0U4YvB24BCUW6ktZ_3raOAqE33514X2pcuGnbvRismsMRuP2btCZNewtLfW-DB57oIzAUOGq2jyL6StUhSn2hmJQG7UqLVxj6Xg1eDuSIeGiCAr4nqhv9sY31FgZzSo7cCGAYU/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="801" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgHc6Aceg0U4YvB24BCUW6ktZ_3raOAqE33514X2pcuGnbvRismsMRuP2btCZNewtLfW-DB57oIzAUOGq2jyL6StUhSn2hmJQG7UqLVxj6Xg1eDuSIeGiCAr4nqhv9sY31FgZzSo7cCGAYU/s640/9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i>Inside the Code Editor are program statements associated with the current form.</i></div>
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<i>Program statements that are used together to perform some action are typically</i></div>
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<i>grouped in a programming construct called a procedure. A common type of procedure</i></div>
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<i>is a Sub procedure, sometimes called a subroutine. Sub procedures include a Sub</i></div>
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<i>keyword</i></div>
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<i>in the first line and end with End Sub. (I’ll talk about the Public and Private</i></div>
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<i>keywords later.) Procedures are typically executed when certain events occur, such as</i></div>
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<i>when a button is clicked. When a procedure is associated with a particular object and</i></div>
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<i>an event, it is called an event handler or an event procedure.</i></div>
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<i>When you double-clicked the End button (Button2), Visual Studio automatically added</i></div>
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<i>the first and last lines of the Button2_Click event procedure, as the following code</i></div>
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<i>shows. (The first line was wrapped to stay within the book margins.) You may notice</i></div>
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<i>other bits of code in the Code Editor (words like Public and Class), which Visual Studio</i></div>
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<i>has added to define important characteristics of the form, but I won’t emphasize</i></div>
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<i>them here.</i></div>
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<i>Private Sub Button2_Click(ByVal sender As System.Object, _</i></div>
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<i>ByVal e As System.EventArgs) Handles Button2.Click</i></div>
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<i>End Sub</i></div>
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<i>The body of a procedure fits between these lines and is executed whenever a user</i></div>
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<i>activates the interface element associated with the procedure. In this case, the event</i></div>
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<i>is a mouse click, but as you’ll see later in the book, it could also be a different type</i></div>
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<i>of event.</i></div>
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<i>2. Type End, and then press the ENTER key.</i></div>
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<i>When you type the statement, Visual Studio recognizes End as a unique reserved word</i></div>
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<i>or keyword and displays it in a list box with Common and All tabs. Microsoft calls this</i></div>
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<i>auto-extend feature IntelliSense because it tries to intelligently help you write code,</i></div>
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<i>and you can browse through various Visual Basic keywords and objects alphabetically.</i></div>
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<i>(In this way, the language is partially discoverable through the IDE itself.)</i></div>
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<i>After you press the ENTER key, the letters in End turn blue and are indented, indicating</i></div>
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<i>that Visual Basic recognizes End as one of several hundred unique keywords within</i></div>
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<i>the Visual Basic language. You use the End keyword to stop your program and</i></div>
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<i>remove</i></div>
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<i>it from the screen. In this case, End is also a complete program statement,</i></div>
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<i>a self-</i></div>
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<i>contained instruction executed by the Visual Basic compiler, the part of Visual</i></div>
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<i>Studio that processes</i></div>
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<i>or parses each line of Visual Basic source code, combining the</i></div>
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<i>result with other</i></div>
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<i>resources to create an executable file. Program statements are a little</i></div>
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<i>like complete</i></div>
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<i>sentences in a human language—statements can be of varying lengths</i></div>
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<i>but must follow the grammatical “rules” of the compiler. In Visual Studio, program</i></div>
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<i>statements</i></div>
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<i>can be composed of keywords, properties, object names, variables,</i></div>
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<i>numbers,</i></div>
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<i>special symbols, and other values. You’ll learn more about how program</i></div>
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<i>statements are constructed in Chapter 5.</i></div>
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<i>As you enter program statements and make other edits, the Code Editor handles many</i></div>
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<i>of the formatting details for you, including adjusting indentation and spacing</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>and</i></div>
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<i>adding</i></div>
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<i>any necessary parentheses. The exact spelling, order, and spacing of items within</i></div>
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<i>program statements is referred to as statement syntax. In the early days of compilers,</i></div>
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<i>programmers were almost totally responsible for getting the precise syntax for each</i></div>
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<i>program statement correct on their own, but now sophisticated development tools such</i></div>
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<i>as Visual Studio help immensely with the construction of accurate program statements.</i></div>
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<i>When you pressed the ENTER key, the End statement was indented to set it apart</i></div>
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<i>from the Private Sub and End Sub statements. This indenting scheme is one of the</i></div>
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<i>programming</i></div>
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<i>conventions you’ll see throughout this book to keep your programs clear</i></div>
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<i>and readable. The group of conventions regarding how code is organized in a program</i></div>
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<i>is often referred to as program style.</i></div>
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<i>Now that you’ve written the code associated with the End button, you’ll write code for the</i></div>
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<i>Spin button. These program statements will be a little more extensive and will give you</i></div>
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<i>a chance to learn more about statement syntax and program style. You’ll study many of the</i></div>
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<i>program statements later in this book, so you don’t need to know everything about them</i></div>
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<i>now. Just focus on the general structure of the code and on typing the program statements</i></div>
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<i>exactly as they are printed.</i></div>
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<i>Write code for the Spin button</i></div>
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<i>1. At the top of the Solution Explorer window, click the View Designer button in the</i></div>
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<i>Solution Explorer window to display your form again.</i></div>
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<i>Note When the Code Editor is visible, you won’t be able to see the form you’re working</i></div>
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<i>on. The View Designer button is one mechanism you can use to display it again. (If more</i></div>
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<i>than one form is loaded in Solution Explorer, click the form that you want to display first.)</i></div>
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<i>You can also click the Form1.vb [Design] tab at the top edge of the Code Editor. To display</i></div>
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<i>the Code Editor again, click the View Code button in Solution Explorer.</i></div>
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<i>2. Double-click the Spin button.</i></div>
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<i>After a few moments, the Code Editor appears, and an event procedure associated with</i></div>
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<i>the Button1 button appears near the Button2 event procedure.</i></div>
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<i>Although you changed the text of this button to “Spin,” its name in the program is</i></div>
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<i>still Button1. (The name and the text of an interface element can be different to suit</i></div>
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<i>the needs of the programmer.) Each object can have several procedures associated</i></div>
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<i>with it, one for each event it recognizes. The click event is the one you’re interested</i></div>
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<i>in now because</i></div>
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<i>users will click the Spin and End buttons when they run the program.</i></div>
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<i>3. Type the following program lines between the Private Sub and End Sub statements.</i></div>
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<i>Press ENTER after each line, press TAB to indent, and take care to type the program</i></div>
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<i>statements exactly as they appear here. (The Code Editor will scroll to the left as you</i></div>
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<i>enter the longer lines.) If you make a mistake (usually identified by a jagged underline),</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>delete the incorrect statements and try again.</i></div>
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<i>Tip As you enter the program code, Visual Basic formats the text and displays different</i></div>
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<i>parts of the program in color to help you identify the various elements. When you begin</i></div>
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<i>to type a property, Visual Basic also displays the available properties for the object you’re</i></div>
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<i>using in a list box, so you can double-click the property or keep typing to enter it yourself.</i></div>
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<i>If Visual Basic displays an error message, you might have misspelled a program statement.</i></div>
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<i>Check the line against the text in this book, make the necessary correction, and continue</i></div>
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<i>typing. (You can also delete a line and type it from scratch.) In addition, Visual Basic might</i></div>
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<i>add necessary code automatically. For example, when you type the following code, Visual</i></div>
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<i>Basic automatically adds the End If line. Readers of previous editions of this book have</i></div>
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<i>found this first typing exercise to be the toughest part of this chapter—“But Mr. Halvorson,</i></div>
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<i>I know I typed it just as you wrote it!”—so please give this program code your closest</i></div>
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<i>attention.</i></div>
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<i>I promise you, it works!</i></div>
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<i>PictureBox1.Visible = False ' hide picture</i></div>
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<i>Label1.Text = CStr(Int(Rnd() * 10)) ' pick numbers</i></div>
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<i>Label2.Text = CStr(Int(Rnd() * 10))</i></div>
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<i>Label3.Text = CStr(Int(Rnd() * 10))</i></div>
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<i>' if any number is 7 display picture and beep</i></div>
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<i>If (Label1.Text = "7") Or (Label2.Text = "7") _</i></div>
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<i>Or (Label3.Text = "7") Then</i></div>
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<i>PictureBox1.Visible = True</i></div>
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<i>Beep()</i></div>
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<i>End If</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>When you’ve finished, the Code Editor looks as shown in the following screen shot:</i></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv2OmRH0IDFaZ6-kObCdgVp0ewvEJzAA3dBnisZnBwXAxES1b3PsPyW4hn3lP5NHKtQZLQi2eprr2qTxxvO1UcY_T7A38KjfdnT0-OzyXULykK3E0bNE44AK6cT09B96_NqhN5bGEKAMzO/s1600/9.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="802" height="478" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhv2OmRH0IDFaZ6-kObCdgVp0ewvEJzAA3dBnisZnBwXAxES1b3PsPyW4hn3lP5NHKtQZLQi2eprr2qTxxvO1UcY_T7A38KjfdnT0-OzyXULykK3E0bNE44AK6cT09B96_NqhN5bGEKAMzO/s640/9.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
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<i>4. Click the Save All command on the File menu to save your additions to the program.</i></div>
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<i>The Save All command saves everything in your project—the project file, the form</i></div>
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<i>file, any code modules, and other related components in your application. Since</i></div>
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<i>this is the first time that you have saved your project, the Save Project dialog box</i></div>
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<i>opens, prompting you for the name and location of the project. (If your copy of</i></div>
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<i>Visual Studio is configured to prompt you for a location when you first create your</i></div>
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<i>project,</i></div>
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<i>you won’t see the Save Project dialog box now—Visual Studio just saves</i></div>
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<i>your changes.)</i></div>
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<i>5. Browse and select a location for your files.</i></div>
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<i>I recommend that you use the C:\Vb10sbs\Chap02 folder (the location of the book’s</i></div>
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<i>sample files), but the location is up to you. Since you used the “My” prefix when you</i></div>
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<i>originally opened your project, this version won’t overwrite the Lucky7 practice file that</i></div>
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<i>I built for you on disk.</i></div>
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<i>6. Clear the Create Directory For Solution check box.</i></div>
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<i>When this check box is selected, it creates a second folder for your program’s solution</i></div>
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<i>files, which is not necessary for solutions that contain only one project (the situation for</i></div>
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<i>most programs in this book).</i></div>
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<i>7. Click Save to save your files.</i></div>
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<i>Note If you want to save just the item you are currently working on (the form, the code</i></div>
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<i>module, or something else), you can use the Save command on the File menu. If you want</i></div>
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<i>to save the current item with a different name, you can use the Save As command.</i></div>
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<i>A Look at the Button1_Click Procedure</i></div>
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<i>The Button1_Click procedure is executed when the user clicks the Spin button on the form.</i></div>
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<i>The procedure uses some pretty complicated statements, and because I haven’t formally</i></div>
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<i>introduced</i></div>
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<i>them yet, it might look a little confusing. However, if you take a closer look,</i></div>
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<i>you’ll probably see a few things that look familiar. Taking a peek at the contents of these</i></div>
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<i>procedures</i></div>
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<i>will give you a feel for the type of program code you’ll be creating later in</i></div>
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<i>this book. (If you’d rather not stop for this preview, feel free to skip to the next section,</i></div>
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<i>“Running Visual Basic Applications.”)</i></div>
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<i>The Button1_Click procedure performs three tasks:</i></div>
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<i>n It hides the digital photo.</i></div>
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<i>n It creates three random numbers for the number labels.</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>n It displays the photo when the number 7 appears.</i></div>
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<i>Let’s look at each of these steps individually.</i></div>
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<i>Hiding the photo is accomplished with the following line:</i></div>
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<i>PictureBox1.Visible = False ' hide picture</i></div>
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<i>This line is made up of two parts: a program statement and a comment.</i></div>
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<i>The PictureBox1.Visible = False program statement sets the Visible property of the picture</i></div>
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<i>box object (PictureBox1) to False (one of two possible settings). You might remember that</i></div>
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<i>you set this property to False once before by using the Properties window. You’re doing</i></div>
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<i>it again now in the program code because the first task is a spin and you need to clear</i></div>
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<i>away a photo that might have been displayed in a previous game. Because the property</i></div>
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<i>will be changed at run time and not at design time, you must set the property by using</i></div>
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<i>program</i></div>
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<i>code. This is a handy feature of Visual Basic, and I’ll talk about it more in Chapter 3,</i></div>
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<i>“Working with Toolbox Controls.”</i></div>
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<i>The second part of the first line (the part displayed in green type on your screen) is called</i></div>
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<i>a comment. Comments are explanatory notes included in program code following a single</i></div>
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<i>quotation mark (‘). Programmers use comments to describe how important statements work</i></div>
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<i>in a program. These notes aren’t processed by Visual Basic when the program runs; they exist</i></div>
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<i>only to document what the program does. You’ll want to use comments often when you</i></div>
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<i>write Visual Basic programs to leave an easy-to-understand record of what you’re doing.</i></div>
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<i>The next three lines handle the random number computations. Does this concept sound</i></div>
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<i>strange? You can actually make Visual Basic generate unpredictable numbers within specific</i></div>
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<i>guidelines—in other words, you can create random numbers for lottery contests, dice</i></div>
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<i>games, or other statistical patterns. The Rnd function in each line creates a random number</i></div>
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<i>between</i></div>
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<i>0 and 1 (a number with a decimal point and several decimal places), and the Int</i></div>
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<i>function returns the integer portion of the result of multiplying the random number by 10.</i></div>
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<i>This computation</i></div>
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<i>creates random numbers between 0 and 9 in the program—just what you</i></div>
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<i>need for this particular slot machine application.</i></div>
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<i>Label1.Text = CStr(Int(Rnd() * 10)) ' pick numbers</i></div>
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<i>You then need to jump through a little hoop in your code. You need to copy these random</i></div>
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<i>numbers</i></div>
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<i>into the three label boxes on the form, but first the numbers need to be converted</i></div>
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<i>to</i></div>
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<i>text with the CStr (convert to string) function. Notice how CStr, Int, and Rnd are all connected</i></div>
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<i>in</i></div>
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<i>the program statement—they work collectively to produce a result like a mathematical</i></div>
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<i>formula.</i></div>
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<i>After the computation and conversion, the values are assigned to the Text properties of the</i></div>
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<i>first three labels on the form, and the assignment causes the numbers</i></div>
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<i>to be displayed in bold,</i></div>
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<i>24-point, Times New Roman font in the three number labels.</i></div>
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<i>The last group of statements in the program checks whether any of the random numbers is 7.</i></div>
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<i>If one or more of them is, the program displays the graphical depiction of a payout, and a</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>beep announces the winnings.</i></div>
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<i>' if any number is 7 display picture and beep</i></div>
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<i>If (Label1.Text = "7") Or (Label2.Text = "7") _</i></div>
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<i>Or (Label3.Text = "7") Then</i></div>
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<i>PictureBox1.Visible = True</i></div>
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<i>Beep()</i></div>
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<i>End If</i></div>
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<i>Each time the user clicks the Spin button, the Button1_Click procedure is executed, or called,</i></div>
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<i></i></div>
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<i>and the program statements in the procedure are run again.</i></div>
</div>

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